Eed-b-Eed

Introductory note

Level Up your Arabic Hand-in-Hand with Khalili Native Speakers in Palestine.

Creating Online Paid Work for University-Educated Local Women.

Welcome to Eed-b-Eed. This is the text-only version of our app-like website. Our long-term goal is to make our app fully accessible. Enjoy the exploration of Eed-b-Eed.

Index of Contents:

Home

When Learning Arabic Creates Jobs

Whether you want to improve your Arabic, learn it from scratch, or support the development of this initiative, build it Hand-in-Hand (Eed-b-Eed in Arabic) with us!

Among the unsung heroes of Palestinian society are local women. When the world in this troubled Land is falling apart, for some literally and for others metaphorically, these resilient women keep their families going day by day, whatever the circumstances. Their quiet pragmatism is heroic.

To keep your family going, you need income. Where paid work exists, there are areas of Palestine where job opportunities for local women, including those holding university degrees, are still very few. This is the case in al-Khalil, the southern West Bank region, known in Hebrew and English as Hebron.

The ancient city of Al-Khalil / Hebron is cherished by Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike for its sacred site associated with the burial place of Abraham, known in Arabic as Ibrahim, a figure of shared reverence among the three traditions. It is also the most populous governorate of Palestine (nearly 885,000 people), and its local Colloquial Arabic, known as Khalili, is the most widely spoken variety of Palestinian Arabic.

This initiative contributes to creating paid work opportunities for educated Khalili women that are
✓ financially sustainable,
✓ legally compliant,
✓ transparently funded,
✓ ethical,
✓ apolitical,
✓ culturally appropriate,
✓ socially acceptable,
✓ feasible for young parents.

Helping learners of Arabic as language support partners is such an opportunity, especially when carried out online and part-time, with arrangements that respect both local customs and traditions and the agency of each partner.

Learn Arabic. Create Jobs. Build Eed-b-Eed >Hand-in-Hand with us.

Updates

30 August 2026
Following a period of preparatory work, Eed-b-Eed is now publicly visible in its Under Construction development stage.

Learn

Learn - How does it Work?

Your learning journey with Khalilis

We believe we have come up with a solution to a significant challenge to online education in the West Bank.

The unpredictability of the situation on the ground means that it is very difficult for local people to work according to a regular fixed schedule. This is especially true for young parents in families with many children, or people who suffer from chronic illnesses and require frequent unexpected visits to the doctor. The lack of a timetable in public transport (if you had a chance to visit Palestine privately rather than on an organised trip, recall the famous orange minibuses called servees or ford) makes being “on time” extremely challenging, especially for those who do not have a car or do not drive. Sudden power outages and internet disruptions can further make carefully planned online activities simply unrealistic.

That’s why your learning journey will blend guided, structured self-study with flexible live sessions. These will be offered regularly by any one of our Khalili language support partners, depending on availability and circumstances. Due to their shared background and family ties, the Arabic they speak is very similar, so whichever partner practises with you, you will receive very similar training (subject, of course, to strong local personalities!). The family arrangement of this kind also allows for comfortable communication between the partners, especially when urgent personal matters arise and they need to swap slots at the last minute. This is why local family collectives are so powerful for teaching an authentic living variety of Arabic in a sustainable way.

This arrangement also aligns with circumstances of many prospective Eed-b-Eed learners. Our preliminary surveys and initial conversations indicate that many will be young professionals, often also with children. They too need workable flexibility, without compromising the quality of their learning.

For how this will work in practice, check out the sections above in their given order: Study ➡ Train ➡ Read ➡ Write ➡ Listen ➡ Speak.

Note: If you represent an organisation and would like its staff to benefit from Khalili experience in a more rigidly structured way over a specific period of time, please get in touch with the Eed-b-Eed Academic Coordinator, Dr Jakub Zbrzezny, at jakub.zbrzezny@abdn.ac.uk to arrange a call. A more structured arrangement possible, but it requires careful planning to avoid creating unrealistic expectations for our Khalili partners. We will be happy to discuss with you and our partners what is feasible.

Updates

31 August 2026
You can now test key functionalities of our verb trainer, and see how some sample dialogues are displayed in different translations.

Learn - Study

Your learning journey with Khalilis

In the Section Study you will find learning materials for structured self-study. The materials will guide you through the content that you will study on your own, at your own pace. Instructions and translations will be provided in English and, eventually, other main languages of Eed-b-Eed Learners. If English is not your mother tongue, why should you use it for learning Arabic?

Updates

31 August 2026
Our Khalili Team Members are currently developing lessons introducing Arabic script to those Eed-b-Eed Learners who have not learnt it before. These lessons are inspired by the traditional ways of teaching children at home how to read and write.

Script

Arabic letters

Work in progress. Introductory lessons to Arabic script are expected to be posted soon.

Lessons

Your coursebook

We are currently fundraising so that our five Khalili partners can be hired by the University for two months each (275h each) to develop draft lessons, covering approximately one year of self-study. To support our efforts, refer to Section Support.

Learn - Train

It's all about patterns

Arabic is characterised by surprisingly regular patterns. They will initially look somehow complex, but you will soon discover that they are intuitive and predictable. In the Section Train you will find tools for practising the most common patterns in names of actions (verbs), in names of objects (pronouns and nouns), in sounds, and, eventually, in other language categories. You will be able to tailor the practice to your current level of Arabic, training, if you wish, Khalili Arabic and Classical Arabic side by side.

Updates

31 August 2026
Our Khalili Team Members have recently developed tables with parallel arrangements of selected verbs in key forms in Khalili Arabic and Classical Arabic. The verbs are very common: write, speak, and say. The patterns include such popular everyday forms as ‘I don’t write’, ‘you say it’, ‘she speaks to him’, among many others (2,200 forms in total). We are currently in the process of making them all available online through the verb trainer tool in the Subsection Actions.

Actions

Verb Trainer

Discover the joys of juggling Arabic words that describe actions (verbs). How do you say “I wrote it”, “Speak!” or “I didn’t say it”? Eed-b-Eed Beginners are provided with clear visual clues on how to pronounce the words, and more advanced Learners can challenge themselves with jumping across Khalili Arabic and Classical Arabic, to even switching off key pronunciation clues.

You can currently play with a selection of examples. All 2,200 forms that our Khalili Team Members have recently prepared will be available soon. That’s enough practice for more than one afternoon!

An accessible version of the Verb trainer will be designed in due course.

Objects

You and me

Here you will practise some of the most common words in Arabic like “I”, “you”, “he”, “she” etc. (pronouns), both on their own or in combination with other common short words such as ‘to’, ‘from’, ‘by’ (prepositions). We will soon post some exercises. Later, you will find here tools for practising how names of individual objects (nouns) in different forms, like “book” vs. “books”.

Sounds

Scottish lochs and Arabic

Like any language, Arabic has among its sounds certain troublemakers for non-native speakers. Fear not. With practice, you will overcome the challenge of producing sounds you may have never imagined yourself making. You will also discover why knowing how to pronounce a Scottish loch can make your life in Arabic easier.

Learn - Read

Your Reader

Once you have completed a lesson (Study) and did some practice (Train), you can move across the Sections Read, Write, Listen, and Speak. In the Section Read you delve into shorter and longer texts such as dialogues, stories, and reflections, in Khalili Arabic. Some will be entertaining, some amusing, others saddening. Here you will significantly expand your knowledge of Arabic words (vocabulary). Thanks to translations into English and other languages you will be able to study these texts independently. More advanced Eed-b-Eed Learners will also benefit from parallel translations into Modern Standard Arabic.

Updates

31 August 2026
Over the period of Dr Jakub Zbrzezny’s in-person learning of Khalili Arabic with Ahmad Hroub, Ahmad and one of his sisters created an extraordinary collection of original texts in Khalili Arabic designed for learners such as Jakub at the time. If printed in Arabic alone, the collection would be the size of an academic book (90,000 words).

Our Team will endeavour to make it available. Given the scale of the task and its complexity (revising, editing, translating, annotating), a major grant will be sought through international collaboration with scholars of Arabic and professional translators of Arabic literature, including those familiar with Palestinian Arabic. In the meantime, some samples will be posted, such as the one already available in the Subsection Dialogues.

Dialogues

This subsection contains two sample short dialogues with the following captions:
Having joined the gym, you start your training at full power.
A short dialogue between a gym newbie and his trainer.

Having joined the gym, you start your training at full power.
A short dialogue between a gym newbie and her trainer.

Both dialogues are given in Khalili Arabic and MSA and English translations. An accessible version will be designed in due course.

Stories

Samples from the Reader will be posted in the near future.

Reflections

Samples from the Reader will be posted in the near future.

Learn - Write

Learn - Listen

Creative Hand-Writing

It is the Sections Write, Listen, and Speak, that you will be directly interacting with your Khalili language support partners, individually or in small groups. This interaction will be enabled by paid subscriptions, thanks to which our Khalili Team Members will be compensated for their work.

In the Section Write you will find exercises in creative writing, which you will be able to upload for assessment. You will receive written or live oral feedback directly from your Khalili supporters – in handwriting.

Learn - Speak

Speaking Hand-in-Hand

In the Section Speaking you will be able to arrange individual or small-group coaching sessions with your Khalili language support partners. During the sessions you will actively practise all that you have learnt through other sections.

The most advanced Eed-b-Eed Learners will gradually progress to the live co-reading of Modern Standard Arabic or Classical and Quranic Arabic texts “Hand-in-Hand” with Colloquial Arabic in its Khalili variety. Even if mastery of Arabic is not attainable in the course of a few years of part-time study, in this way, you will come very close to experiencing how a native speaker roams freely across diverse manifestations of Arabic, from Quranic to Colloquial, today and in the past.

Support

How to Support Eed-b-Eed?

Donate

Whether you plan to learn Arabic or not, you may wish to support the development of Eed-b-Eed through a one-off donation or regular giving via appropriate fundraising channels of the University of Aberdeen. Contributions can be made via the dedicated JustGiving page of the Development Trust SCIO, the fundraising body of the University of Aberdeen. Regardless of size, each contribution matters. Open https://www.justgiving.com/page/khalili-arabic to donate.

If you are considering a major contribution, please contact the Eed-b-Eed Academic Coordinator, Dr Jakub Zbrzezny, at jakub.zbrzezny@abdn.ac.uk or +44 1224 272385. He will be pleased to connect you with the appropriate University of Aberdeen administrative colleagues, who can facilitate the process and ensure that any contribution is handled with due diligence and in full compliance with applicable procedures and legal requirements.

Following institutional seed-funding support (see below), our current goal is to raise approximately £25,000 in total, £5,000 for the work of each of our five Khalili partners. This will allow to engage each partner on a part-time basis for 275 hours, equivalent to two months (nine weeks with six 5h-work days), at our usual hourly rate, corresponding to that of a pre-PhD university research assistant (Grade 5/29: £18.12).

Our team estimates that this will be the minimal time required to create draft didactic materials to cover one year of structured engagement with Khalili Arabic for a regular learner. Once developed, the materials will undergo testing, evaluation, and revision before eventual publication in an open-access academic series.

Next update on fundraising: 30 September 2026

Get involved

You are welcome to become involved in Eed-b-Eed in several ways:

If you are learning Arabic or planning to start to learn with Eed-b-Eed, your feedback on the didactic materials that we are developing will be very valuable. At a later stage we may also invite you to participate in more comprehensive testing of our materials (with appropriate ethical approvals from a relevant University of Aberdeen ethics committee). Let us know if you would like to be contacted with feedback or testing requests (pro bono) via the following form: https://forms.cloud.microsoft/e/vZL0e9Bwrq, which is accessible.

If you are based outside Aberdeen, you may wish to consider becoming an Eed-b-Eed Ambassador. Acting pro bono, an Ambassador will contribute to developing local networks of Eed-b-Eed learners and supporters. Expressions of interest are welcome via the following form: https://forms.cloud.microsoft/e/vZL0e9Bwrq, which is accessible.

If you are based in Aberdeen and would like to explore how you could get involved on a voluntary basis, let us know through the following form: https://forms.cloud.microsoft/e/vZL0e9Bwrq, which is accessible.

Related paid internship opportunities for University of Aberdeen students will be advertised through the University’s official academic channels, as and when they become available.

Institutional Funding

If your institution or organisation would like to contribute to Eed-b-Eed, Dr Jakub Zbrzezny will be delighted to hear from you. Please contact him at jakub.zbrzezny@abdn.ac.uk or +44 1224 272385 to discuss grant support or explore avenues for collaboration. As usual, any institutional funding or partnerships will be subject to the relevant checks and approvals through the University’s appropriate procedures.

Our institutional funding to date is listed below. We are grateful to funders for their support, and to internal and external administrative teams who facilitate it.

April 2026
Funder: Scottish Funding Council via University of Aberdeen
Funding scheme: Knowledge Exchange and Innovation Fund
Financial value: £4,987
Purpose: to create demonstration lessons
Project status: in progress

December 2025
Funder: The Al Tajir Trust
Funding scheme: grant
Financial value: £3,000
Purpose: to create tables with parallel paradigms of selected verbs in Classical Arabic and Khalili Arabic
Project status: completed (data transfer to the website in progress)

Last update: 30 August 2026

Ask

Questions & Answers

Q: Where is al-Khalil?

A: Known in English and Hebrew as Hebron, the city of al-Khalil is located in the southern West Bank, Palestine, approximately 40 km (25 miles) south of Jerusalem (al-Quds). In Arabic, al-Khalil refers both to the city and to the wider surrounding area, which constitutes the most populous governorate of Palestine. A Khalili refers in Arabic to a person who comes from there. It is also used to refer to the distinctive Palestinian variety of Arabic spoken in the region. Al-Khalil is famously associated with the traditional burial place of Abraham (Ibrahim), a figure revered in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Q: Will Arabic native speakers understand me when I speak rural Khalili Arabic?

A: First of all, if you speak any of the Arabic dialects of the Middle East, you may find it difficult to communicate with native speakers of North African dialects from countries such as Morocco or Algeria. Many Arabs in such situations would switch to English too.

However, if you speak with people living in the Middle East, then yes, you will easily be able to maintain a good conversation. Our rural Khalili partners have not grown up in linguistic isolation. They all studied at universities, surrounded by many different local dialects, and successfully completed their degrees. Yet they resisted the social pressure to make their speech sound more “urban”, “prestigious”, or “educated”, as some people, including certain trained native and non-native teachers of Arabic, might perceive it.

This gives you a very rare opportunity to pick up authentic dialect features. Rest assured, using phrases or pronunciation associated with rural Palestine will often make your Arabic interlocutors smile widely and ask how you have learnt to speak like that. It’s a great icebreaker.

Q: How to support Eed-b-Eed?

Many thanks from our team for your interest in supporting Eed-b-Eed. There are several ways in which you could contibute. Please read above.

Q: Do you use AI for creating teaching materials?

A: No, we do not, and that for good reasons. You can read more on our approach to AI and Arabic below

Q: How big is unemployment among Palestinian women in al-Khalil?

A: According to official governmental statistics, 82% of Khalili women aged 15+ are not in labour force. Of those 18% that are able to seek jobs, 35.80% face unemployment.

In approximate absolute numbers: with the estimation of the Khalili population at 885,00 people, and assuming a simplified 1:1 ratio between men and women, there will be around 442,500 in al-Khalil. Assuming that 60% of these are under the age of 15, around 177,000 can enter labour force. Of these, some 145,140 are not able to do so, remaining outside labour force. Among 31,860 who are able to seek jobs, some 11,400 cannot find employment. In total, this means that among Khalili women aged 15+, only 20,500 are employed, against 156,500 without employment.

Q: Is Eed-b-Eed associated with any local or international organisations or institutions outside the University of Aberdeen?

A: Stemming from long-term friendships, Eed-b-Eed works with trusted local individuals. It is not associated with any organisations or institutions in Palestine, Israel, or elsewhere. Any such association would require appropriate institutional approvals from the University of Aberdeen.

Q: Can I learn or collaborate with Eed-b-Eed regardless of my nationality, ethnicity, or religion?

A: Yes. It is the independent and generous choice of our Khalili partners to welcome all genuine learners or collaborators, regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, or religion.

Q: What is the status of Eed-b-Eed in 2026?

A: In this early stage, Eed-b-Eed is developing through research and knowledge exchange projects led by Dr Jakub Zbrzezny as a lecturer at the University of Aberdeen and the Enterprise and Innovation Champion in its School of Divinity, History, Philosophy and Art History. Think of the University as an incubator for this initiative. In due course and subject to appropriate approvals, Eed-b-Eed may take the form of a continuous professional development course or evolve into a Scotland-based registered charity (a not-for-profit organisation) or a University social enterprise (a company whose profit is reinvested into its mission), "hand-in-hand" with our Khalili partners.

Our Team

Khalili Team Members

At the heart of Eed-b-Eed is the family collective of five siblings from al-Khalil (Hebron). These are four sisters – A. Hroub, B. Hroub, R. Hroub, and S. Hroub – and their brother Ahmad Hroub.

They come from rural al-Khalil, and currently live across the Bethlehem and al-Khalil regions. Proud speakers of Khalili Arabic in its rural form, they are passionate about making their language thrive, amidst the linguistic pressures related to urbanisation, electronic communication, and AI, all of which lead to the gradual disappearance of local language varieties, and, subsequently, of the cultural traditions they carry.

All five siblings hold degrees from Palestinian universities, including Birzeit University, in fields including Arabic language and Literature, Law, and Economics.

For the past four years the siblings have been working as an institutionally contracted team in research projects led by Dr Jakub Zbrzezny at the University of Aberdeen, enabled by internal university funding and external grants from academic institutions such as the British Academy, Royal Society of Edinburgh, or Cornell University’s Department of Near Eastern Studies. Their work concerns pre-modern Arabic translations of Jewish and Christian Scriptures and their contemporary understanding among Muslim communities. You will see Ahmad co-presenting with Jakub at conferences and seminars, in person or online.

Building on Ahmad’s extensive experience in privately teaching Khalili Arabic, the siblings have started to develop didactic materials for Eed-b-Eed, thanks to grants from the Knowledge Exchange and Innovation Fund of the Scottish Funding Council and from the UK-based Al Tajir Trust, both administered by the University of Aberdeen. In due course, Eed-b-Eed learners will meet the siblings during live practice sessions. In future, the Hroub sisters will facilitate the recruitment of further local team members from among university-educated local women, and Ahmad’s training in economics will significantly help in making this model sustainable in the local ecosystem.

Aberdonian Team Members

Eed-b-Eed is academically coordinated by Dr Jakub Zbrzezny, lecturer in the School of Divinity, History, Philosophy and Art History at the University of Aberdeen (UoA) in Scotland.

In addition to his teaching and research on the ancient “Holy Land” and its languages, Jakub has, for the past four years, been coordinating the University’s distinctive online programme in theology. Many of its 80 students are professionals who combine part-time study with full-time work. Blending guided self-study with live evening tutorials, the programme offers flexibility without compromising learning quality. This is what Jakub wants to give to online Eed-b-Eed learners.

Originally from Poland, Jakub completed Interdisciplinary Individual Studies in the Humanities at the University of Warsaw, and later gained a PhD in Divinity at the University of Aberdeen. In his doctoral research he investigated correlations between early textual traditions of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Scriptures. In his current research, he explores how the traditional knowledge and cultural intuitions of rural Arab communities in Palestine can shed new light on ancient biblical traditions associated with the region. In line with the University of Aberdeen’s ethical principle of ‘Sustainable partnerships with stakeholders’ expressed in its Institutional Ethical Statement, Jakub’s Palestinian research partners receive for their intellectual work fair and appropriate remuneration at a level comparable to that of University research assistants.

Jakub’s long-standing passion for the Scriptures led him first to Latin and Greek, then to Hebrew and Syriac, and ultimately to Arabic, in both its ancient and modern manifestations. Thanks to the linguistic hospitality of Ahmad Hroub, Jakub speaks Khalili Arabic and is passionate about its study. Indeed, he strongly believes that research on the “Holy Land” in antiquity should be attentive to the lives of its modern inhabitants across Israel and Palestine, Jews and Arabs alike.

Eed-b-Eed is supported by a number of UoA students in various valuable roles.

Other Aberdonian team members will be introduced soon.

International Team Members

International friends of Eed-b-Eed contribute expertise essential for its development.

Bringing a wealth of experience from her educational work in India, followed by a Master’s degree at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, Sapna Saleem helps us to ensure that Eed-b-Eed is accessible to learners from a variety of backgrounds across the world.

Originally from India, Sapna spent most of her early years in Bahrain. Although trained to be an engineer, her interest in the field of education and belief in the collective work of social development led her to become an educator. Sapna's passion for how to make learning engaging has led her to work as a teacher and curriculum designer. Her experience teaching and designing learning programs has allowed her to work with young kids in primary schools to adult learners in universities.

She began teaching in low-resourced communities in India, designed education interventions for programs in Kenya and Sierra Leone and most recently taught graduate students and executive leaders at Harvard University.

As a Harvard student, Sapna had the opportunity to visit Palestine and Israel that contributes to her interest in livelihood development for young women in the region.

Other international team members will be introduced soon.

Why AI-free Learning and Teaching?

Can you learn Arabic from a chatbot?<

The first question to ask is: What kind of Arabic do you want to learn or practise?

On the one hand, if your goal is to learn or practise Modern Standard Arabic, the school-taught language of official media, law, and scholarly literature, you may benefit from interacting with chatbots powered by Large Language Models. This is because these models are built – or trained as computer scientists would say – predominantly on written and oral expressions of Modern Standard Arabic, widely available online.

On the other hand, if your goal is to learn Colloquial Arabic, which is the actual mother tongue of any Arabic native speaker, the situation dramatically changes.

Now, ask any popular chatbot if it knows Colloquial Arabic, it will assure you it does. Indeed, it will confidently start producing content that is meant to represent different dialects, that is, regional types of Colloquial Arabic. On the surface, the content will resemble major families of Colloquial Arabic. It may well look Egyptian, or North-African, or Levantine, that is, representing countries from the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. Your chatbot may well claim that its outputs reflect how people speak or write in specific areas – in Cairo, or perhaps Morocco, or Syria.

In fact, if you look at it more closely, you will see that such content is nothing more than an artificial mixture of many different dialects from a particular region. In other words, no Arabic native speaker would speak or write in this way.

What about Khalili Arabic?

This is precisely the case of Khalili Arabic. Thanks to a research grant from the Royal Society of Edinburgh, we conducted extensive experiments on how Artificial Intelligence handles it. In this investigation we teamed up with Computer Scientists from the University of Aberdeen.

We asked several popular chatbots to translate selected texts from English or Modern Standard Arabic into the rural Khalili Arabic. We prompted the chatbots to generate 200 texts, each of about 250 words, which were meant to represent the dialect of our Palestinian partners. In total, this was about 50,000 words, which is like a medium-size book.

Then, our Khalili team members scored each text – or evaluated in the computer science jargon – on how closely it actually resembles their dialect.

Not a single text felt to our evaluators as reflecting the rural variety of Khalili Arabic, and less than 10% were recognisable as Khalili in general. Between 10% and 30% texts felt as representing unspecified Palestinian dialects. All other texts felt as Levantine or simply Colloquial. This is why you will not learn a specific dialect from a chatbot, and this is why we are not using Artificial Intelligence for creating any teaching content here. It's AI-free learning and teaching.

Interested in further details?

We have a conference poster, around which we will be happy to guide you.

You may also wish to read our academic publication, co-authored with colleagues from Computer Science, which you will find at https://aclanthology.org/2026.retroeval-main.4/. There you will also find further references to other scholarly literature on this topic.

Impressum / Legal Notice

Intellectual Property

Unless otherwise indicated, copyright and other intellectual property rights in materials published on this website belong to the University of Aberdeen. Individual authors, contributors, and creators retain moral rights in their respective works and are appropriately acknowledged.

Website privacy notice

This website itself does not use cookies, analytics, trackers, or collect any personal data. That is why you are not prompted to accept, customise, or reject cookies. It is a static site hosted via a GitHub organisation Eed-b-Eed, created by Jakub Zbrzeżny as a GitHub user. No server-side processing or third-party scripts are used by this website.

Please note that GitHub may log technical data such as IP addresses and browser information for security and operational purposes. These data are not accessed, stored, or processed by Eed-b-Eed or Jakub Zbrzeżny. For more information, see the GitHub Privacy Statement.

Data collection via Forms

If any personal data are collected through forms linked on this website (e.g., for research collaboration, feedback, or contact), such data are processed in accordance with the University of Aberdeen Privacy Notice available at https://www.abdn.ac.uk/about/privacy/. This website and its host, GitHub, do not store or process form submissions. All such data collection is handled through secure university systems via institutional MS Forms.

Image creditsThis sections lists images and their credits. The fully accesible version of the website will containt appropriate alt text for each image.

Terms of use

his website and its contents are intended for scholarly and educational use only. Short quotations from this website for the purposes of academic citation, criticism, or review are permitted under the fair dealing provisions of UK copyright law, specifically the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Such use must be accompanied by appropriate attribution and must not reproduce substantial portions of the work. Automated data harvesting, scraping, or reproduction of content — including text, images, metadata, and codebase — without prior written permission is strictly prohibited unless explicitly licensed under Creative Commons. Such activity may violate the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the Data Protection Act 2018. It may also constitute unauthorised access under the Computer Misuse Act 1990 and infringe intellectual property rights protected by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. To request permission to reuse or cite substantial material from this website, please contact the Website Administrator.

Project Academic Coordinator & Website Administrator

Dr Jakub Zbrzeżny
School of Divinity, History, Philosophy and Art History
University of Aberdeen

King's College KCF 11, Aberdeen AB24 3UB, United Kingdom

Email: jakub.zbrzezny@abdn.ac.uk

Academic profile: https://www.abdn.ac.uk/dhpa/people/profiles/jakub.zbrzezny

Footer